The Incorporation Doctrine
The Bill of Rights originally restricted only the federal government, not state governments, until the incorporation doctrine, developed by the Supreme Court case by case starting in the late 1800s, used the 14th Amendment's own due process clause to apply most of its individual protections to the states as well. This process is called "selective" incorporation because the Court has extended most, but not all, Bill of Rights provisions to the states this way, one specific case and one specific provision at a time, rather than applying the entire Bill of Rights automatically all at once.
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