Kepler's three laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler found three laws describing how planets orbit the Sun. First, each planet moves in an ellipse, a stretched circle, with the Sun at one focus, not at the center. Second, a line from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, so a planet moves fastest when closest to the Sun and slowest when farthest away. Third, the square of a planet's orbital period equals the cube of its average distance from the Sun (P^2 = a^3, with P in years and a in astronomical units), so more distant planets take much longer to orbit: Mars, about 1.52 AU from the Sun, takes about 1.88 years. Newton later showed that all three laws follow from his law of universal gravitation, which is why they also describe moons and artificial satellites orbiting a planet, and why gravity pulling material together is also central to how the Sun and planets formed.
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