Calculating pH from hydrogen ion concentration
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration: pH = -log[H+], where [H+] is in moles per liter. A solution with [H+] = 1 x 10^-3 M has a pH of 3, and pure water at 25 degrees Celsius, with [H+] = 1 x 10^-7 M, has a pH of 7. Because the scale is logarithmic, each whole pH unit is a tenfold change: a pH 3 solution has ten times the hydrogen ion concentration of a pH 4 solution and a hundred times that of a pH 5 solution. A related value, pOH, measures hydroxide concentration the same way, and at 25 degrees Celsius pH + pOH = 14.
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