Stoichiometry calculations: mass relationships, limiting reactants, and percent yield
Stoichiometry uses the mole ratios from a balanced equation to predict amounts in a reaction. A typical calculation converts grams of a reactant to moles, uses the mole ratio to find moles of product, and converts back to grams; for gases at standard temperature and pressure, one mole occupies about 22.4 liters, so volumes can be related the same way. When reactants are not present in the exact ratio, the limiting reactant is the one that runs out first and limits how much product can form, and the other is in excess. In 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O, 4 moles of hydrogen with 1 mole of oxygen can make only 2 moles of water, because the oxygen runs out first. The amount the calculation predicts is the theoretical yield, and percent yield compares what was actually produced: percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100.
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