Isomers
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, and because structure determines properties, isomers can behave very differently. Structural isomers have their atoms connected in different orders. Butane and isobutane (methylpropane) are both C4H10, but butane is a straight chain of four carbons while isobutane is branched, so they have different boiling points. Ethanol and dimethyl ether are both C2H6O, yet ethanol, an alcohol, is a liquid at room temperature while dimethyl ether is a gas, because their different functional groups change how strongly their molecules attract each other. Geometric, or cis-trans, isomers have the same connections but a different arrangement where rotation is restricted, most often around a carbon-carbon double bond (a ring can do the same): in the cis form, two matching groups are on the same side of the double bond or ring, and in the trans form they are on opposite sides. The number of possible isomers grows quickly as the number of carbon atoms increases, which is one reason there are millions of different organic compounds.
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