Coordination compounds and complex ions
A coordination compound contains a central metal atom or ion, often a transition metal, surrounded by molecules or ions called ligands, which bond to the metal by donating a pair of electrons. Common ligands include water, ammonia, and chloride and cyanide ions. The metal and its attached ligands form a complex, written in square brackets: in [Cu(NH3)4]2+, four ammonia molecules surround a copper(II) ion. The number of bonds the ligands form with the metal is its coordination number, most often 4 or 6, which leads to shapes such as square planar, tetrahedral, or octahedral. Ligands change the energies of the metal's electrons, so many coordination compounds are brightly colored: adding ammonia to pale blue copper(II) sulfate solution turns it deep blue as the ammonia complex forms. Coordination compounds are essential to life. In hemoglobin, an iron ion held in a ring-shaped structure called heme binds oxygen and carries it through the blood, and in chlorophyll, a magnesium ion sits at the center of a similar ring. They are also used as industrial catalysts and in medicines, such as the cancer drug cisplatin.
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