Enzymes: how cells speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes are biological catalysts, most of them proteins, that speed up specific chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy a reaction needs to get started, without being used up themselves. Each enzyme has an active site shaped to fit particular substrate molecules, so it works only on certain reactions. Conditions like temperature and pH affect how well an enzyme works: far enough outside its ideal range, an enzyme can change shape (denature) and stop working, which is one reason organisms must keep their internal conditions stable.
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