Cell cycle checkpoints and how cancer disrupts them
Cells do not divide nonstop. Checkpoints in the cell cycle, controlled by regulatory proteins, check conditions like whether the DNA was copied correctly before letting the cell move on to the next stage, and can pause the cycle or trigger the cell to self-destruct if something is wrong. Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle: when mutations damage the genes that control these checkpoints, cells can keep dividing uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor, and cancerous (malignant) cells can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Mutations can come from random copying errors or from environmental causes like tobacco smoke or ultraviolet light.
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