Pedigrees: tracing traits through families
A pedigree is a chart that shows how a trait or genetic condition is passed through the generations of a family. Squares represent males and circles represent females; a shaded shape means the person shows the trait; a horizontal line connecting two people shows a couple; and vertical lines lead down to their children, with each generation on its own row. Geneticists read pedigrees to work out how a trait is inherited. An autosomal recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis, can skip generations: two parents who do not show it can have an affected child if both are carriers, people who have one copy of the allele but do not show the trait (often drawn as half-shaded). An autosomal dominant trait, such as Huntington's disease, usually appears in every generation, and an affected person usually has at least one affected parent. A sex-linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome, such as red-green color blindness, shows up far more often in males, who have only one X chromosome. Genetic counselors combine pedigrees with Punnett squares to estimate the chance that a child will inherit a condition.
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