Mendelian genetics: alleles, Punnett squares, and genetic crosses
Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments showed that traits are inherited through discrete units, now called genes, which come in different versions called alleles. An organism inherits one allele of each gene from each parent. A dominant allele shows its trait even when only one copy is present, while a recessive allele shows only when both copies are recessive. The combination of alleles is the genotype, like Bb, and the trait that actually shows is the phenotype. A Punnett square predicts the probability of each offspring genotype and phenotype: a monohybrid cross tracks one gene, and crossing two Bb parents gives an expected 3 to 1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes, while a dihybrid cross tracks two genes at once.
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