Homeostasis in action: body temperature and blood sugar
Two well-studied examples show how negative feedback keeps the body's internal conditions stable. Body temperature stays close to about 37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F). When the body gets too warm, the brain's hypothalamus, acting like a thermostat, triggers sweating, since evaporating sweat cools the skin, and widens blood vessels near the skin so more heat escapes. When the body gets too cold, those blood vessels narrow to keep heat in the body's core, and muscles shiver, releasing heat as they work. Blood sugar (glucose) is controlled by two hormones from the pancreas. After a meal, when blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells take in glucose and signals the liver to store extra glucose as glycogen, bringing the level down. Between meals, when blood glucose falls, the pancreas releases glucagon, which signals the liver to break glycogen down and release glucose, bringing the level back up. In type 1 diabetes, the body makes little or no insulin; in type 2 diabetes, the body's cells do not respond well to insulin. In both, blood glucose can stay too high unless it is managed.
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