Beyond Mendel: incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits
Many traits do not follow Mendel's simple dominant and recessive pattern. In incomplete dominance, an offspring with two different alleles shows a blend between the two parent traits, like red and white snapdragons producing pink flowers. In codominance, both alleles show fully at the same time, like a roan cow with a mix of red hairs and white hairs. Some genes have multiple alleles in a population, like the A, B, and O alleles for human blood type, where A and B are also codominant. Many sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome, so recessive X-linked conditions like red-green color blindness show up more often in males, who have only one X chromosome.
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