Habitats and niches

An organism's habitat is the place where it lives, such as a forest floor, a pond, or a coral reef, while its niche is its role in the ecosystem: what it eats, what eats it, where and when it is active, and how it uses resources and interacts with other species. Put simply, the habitat is the address and the niche is the job. A species' fundamental niche is the full range of conditions and resources it could use; its realized niche is the part it actually uses, which is often smaller because of competition. The competitive exclusion principle says that two species cannot share exactly the same niche in the same place for long: one will eventually outcompete the other. Species that live together often avoid this by dividing up resources, called niche partitioning. In a classic study, several species of warblers fed in the same spruce trees but in different parts of each tree, so they did not compete directly. Some species play especially large roles, like beavers that build dams and create ponds, or sea otters that keep sea urchins from overgrazing kelp forests, and can shape a whole community.

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